Mandatory non-financial reporting in the banking industry: assessing reporting quality and determinants

European companies that are larger than a specific size have had to comply with reporting requirements on non-financial topics since 2017 under the Union’s Non-Financial Reporting Directive (2014/95/EU), thereby making (NFR) mandatory. To best of author’s knowledge, no study has examined quality in banks’ compulsory reports over several years. Therefore, unique objective this is assess (NFRQ) mandatory NFR 100 largest banks operating Germany three years, and identify reporting-level determinants (experience, format, framework, audit) impact NFRQ. A novel framework developed measure NFRQ, different statistical analyses used test hypotheses. This provides notable results: (1) NFRQ below average despite displaying significant positive development years; (2) significantly impacted by framework). Additionally, highlights meaningful implications for theory, practice, policy future EU.